1. What is Normal Force?

Definition: The normal force is the perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with it.

Purpose: It counteracts the component of an object's weight that is perpendicular to the surface, preventing objects from falling through surfaces.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( N \) — Normal force (Newtons, N)
• \( m \) — Mass of the object (kilograms, kg)
• \( g \) — Acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
• \( \theta \) — Angle of inclination (degrees)

Explanation: The normal force equals the perpendicular component of the gravitational force when an object is on an inclined plane.

3. Importance of Normal Force

Details: Understanding normal force is crucial for analyzing forces in physics, engineering applications, and designing structures that can support weight.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the mass in kg, gravitational acceleration (default 9.81 m/s²), and angle of inclination (default 0° for horizontal surfaces). All values must be ≥ 0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What happens when θ = 0°?
A: On a horizontal surface (θ=0°), cos(0°)=1, so N = m × g, the full weight of the object.

Q2: What happens when θ = 90°?
A: On a vertical surface (θ=90°), cos(90°)=0, so N=0, meaning the surface exerts no normal force.

Q3: Why does normal force decrease as angle increases?
A: More of the gravitational force becomes parallel to the surface as angle increases, leaving less perpendicular component.

Q4: What value should I use for gravity (g)?
A: Use 9.81 m/s² for Earth's surface, or adjust for other celestial bodies (e.g., 1.62 m/s² for the Moon).

Q5: Does this include friction?
A: No, this calculates only the normal force. Friction would be calculated separately using the coefficient of friction.